Great Northern Navy Bean (Bush)

Phaseolus vulgaris

Seeds Per Packet ~ 70

Germination: 99%  (Packed for 2026)

Days to Maturity: 60 - 90 days

Origins and History
Great Northern and Navy beans, both members of Phaseolus vulgaris, have deep roots in the Americas, where Indigenous peoples cultivated them for centuries as part of the “Three Sisters” agricultural system. Great Northern beans are thought to have originated in North or Central America and were later popularized by settlers in the Midwest for their adaptability and high yields. Navy beans—so named because they became a staple protein source for the U.S. Navy in the 19th century—share a similar ancestry and are close relatives. The heirloom strains of Great Northern beans reflect traditional varieties maintained by farm families for generations, valued for their mild flavor and versatility.

Appearance and Characteristics
Great Northern beans are medium-sized, oval-shaped, and white, with a smooth skin and creamy texture. The plants are typically bush-type or semi-vining, producing pods about 4–6 inches long that mature uniformly. The seeds are slightly larger than navy beans and smaller than cannellini, making them a favorite for balanced texture in soups and stews.

Culinary Uses
These beans have a mild, delicate flavor and creamy consistency that readily absorbs seasonings. They are classic ingredients in baked bean dishes, casseroles, and soups such as Senate Bean Soup. They pair well with herbs like thyme, sage, and bay leaf, and complement smoked meats or vegetables. Their ability to hold shape while providing a velvety interior makes them a versatile choice for both hearty and refined recipes.

Growing Tips
Great Northern and Navy beans thrive in USDA Zones 3–10. They prefer full sun and well-drained, moderately fertile soil with a pH of 6.0–7.5. Beans are warm-season crops; sow seeds directly outdoors after the last frost when soil temperatures reach at least 60°F (16°C). Sow seeds 1 to 1½ inches deep and 2–4 inches apart in rows 18–24 inches apart. Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizers, which encourage leaf growth over pod formation. Beans benefit from consistent moisture during flowering and pod set but should not be waterlogged.

Harvesting Guidance
For dry beans, allow pods to mature and dry on the plant until they turn tan and brittle. Harvest before heavy frost, pulling entire plants if needed to finish drying indoors. Once the pods are fully dry, shell the beans and store them in airtight containers in a cool, dry place. For fresh-shelling use, harvest when pods are plump but not yet dried. Properly cured heirloom beans can remain viable for several years and are excellent candidates for seed saving, preserving their legacy for future planting seasons.